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《Doing Philosophy》经典读后感有感

《Doing Philosophy》经典读后感有感

《Doing Philosophy》是一本由Timothy Williamson著作,OUP Oxford出版的Hardcover图书,本书定价:GBP 12.99,页数:176,特精心收集的读后感,希望对大家能有帮助。

《Doing Philosophy》读后感(一):Nosce Te Ipsum|悉君至

Ecce Kantian conatio, cuius sint:

***

1) Criticam Puta Ratio, cum super lege theatrum.

2) Criticam Practica Ratio, cum quis summum ibit bonum.

3) Criticam Iudicamentum, cum sublime essentiam realis. (←21)

Homo mundi intraturus theatrum quaeritur, quis sit: Unde Ortus et Stemmate Creationis, quo tendat? Ad vitam beatam, quid hic? Intueri naturam, quo munere? Curiosum esse similemque, quidem reliquis animantibus (quae vorant, iudunt, pruriunt, generant, multiplicantur, dormiunt, commoda stabula quaerunt, proximis sui generis inserviunt, vitam tuentur, sentiunt, percipiunt…), sed nobiliorem, utpote qui curiosius observat quae sensibus patent, indeque sapientius ratiocinando rite concludit, adeoque miratur pulchrum sapientis opus Artificis. O, quam contemta res est Homo, nisi supra humana se erexerit!

牛津是怎么没的?康德是怎么没的?牛顿又是怎么没的?

此书如作为导论使用,注定会祸害几届学生了。标签我先写了四个大字 “莱布尼兹”,曾几何时,这四个大字应该是对分析哲学家的最大羞辱了,将来也是。嗯...再加上“托勒密”或许更能说明问题。

《Doing Philosophy》读后感(二):一本不错的哲学导论

TimothyWilliamson是个很有名的哲学家,据说也很厉害,但我只是几年前读过一点儿他的《philosophy of philosophy》,也没有读明白,所以对他的哲学思想没什么了解。这本书是介绍如何搞哲学研究的,语言比较平实,并不难读。但是这本书还不能算作是哲学入门之类的书,因为作者明显更偏向于介绍怎么研究哲学,而非学习哲学,虽然两者还是挺相关的。作者是个分析哲学家,还是分析哲学家中十分注重逻辑学的那一种,这从这本书里对逻辑方法的有些偏重的介绍可以看出来;另外,作者明显也对哲学持一种很强的进步主义观点,希望哲学可以获得像科学一样的成就——虽然他也承认哲学和科学还是很不同的,所以最后一章引入了建模的研究方法,并对流行的思想实验举反例的方法提出了批评。据说分析哲学研究问题,大陆哲学才研究人物,作者在讲哲学史那一章也是类似的观点,只是他的态度更开放包容一些(但也只是一些而已,他自己明确说的确有两种风格,他就是分析风格的,至于大陆的他也不了解,所以这书也不涉及)。

作者提到的两件事很有意思。一件是,上世纪后半叶挺有影响力的“实验哲学“或用实证方法研究哲学的一些成果现在又被推翻了。比如,很有名的对亚洲和欧洲人进行盖梯尔式问题的测试。测试结果表明对于知识这一概念的理解其实是严重依赖于文化背景的,在欧洲人那里不算是知识的东西,在亚洲人那里就算。作者说类似的这些结论已经被进一步的实证研究所推翻了。我很喜欢这一新进展,这一进展表明了关于这一主题的某些问题已经完全纳入到实证研究中了,也就是对某种实证结果的反驳只能是新的实证研究。这就意味着,哲学研究可以去除一些本来是实证问题但却掺和在哲学思考中的部分了,这无疑给哲学家减少了一些麻烦。当然,作者的意思更主要是在说,有些一度以为可以通过实证方法来解决的哲学问题其实还是哲学问题,还是只能由哲学来处理。这个结论我当然是相当认同的。另一件是,虽然作者很强烈的认为哲学可以做出和科学相媲美的进步,但他又持一种常识态度。他认为我们的哲学思考只能从常识开始,并且检验哲学理论的也是常识。但他区分了常识信念(commonsensebelief),和常识知识(commonsenseknowledge),认为后者才是评判哲学理论的依据。我很喜欢这种维护常识的态度,但是也许是篇幅的原因,作者没有具体讨论常识信念和常识知识的关系。人们五百年前相信太阳围着地球转,这是常识信念;人们一般认为两个不同群体的人在接触时会进行交流,这是常识知识。但五百年前做哲学的人并不知道前者只是常识信念,他们把它看成是知识,那么他们在做哲学时岂不就要依靠很多这样的假知识来检验自己的哲学理论?常识和知识间的关系很复杂,作者也许在别处还有更细致的分析。不管怎样,作者强调常识的重要性还是很有洞见的。

学习哲学时常会迷茫,总是陷入那些问题文本讨论思辨甚至文字和外语中无法脱身,具体说来就是不知道自己在干嘛。做一点研究性的工作,更会有此感受,仿佛都是无用功,都是在说废话。虽然作者强调哲学工作要取得进步,但是哲学中的进步毕竟不多或者不那么容易成为共识。因此站在巨人的肩膀上就不太容易,更多的时候是不得不面对很多哲学上的巨人,然后丧失信心,被碾压打倒。这一处境的原因也许在于哲学不仅要求进步,也要求理解。而理解这一心智活动更多的是需要理解者对相关问题的敏感和耐心,这需要理解者独自来克服很多对理解者自身来说才是困难的困难,也就是说,这些困难或多或少更内在一些,只有去思考它们才会遇到它们。所以,很多时候巨人们并不仅仅是梯子一般的雕像,只要爬上去就可以看得更远;很多时候巨人们是对话者,做哲学就需要不停地和他们说话,理解他们的话并在可疑处进行反驳,这样自然就很累。

但作者用这本不厚的小书表明,其实做哲学就是这么几个方法和步骤而已,他自己作为一个当代大哲学家也就是这么做的,所以至少不要在工作框架和方式上怀疑自己。如果感觉还是很无力,还是做得很差劲,那只是说明自己做得还不够好,需要继续做而已。毕竟,哲学更像是某种技艺,无他,唯手熟尔。

《Doing Philosophy》读后感(三):摘抄

2. Starting from Common Sense

We have no choice but to start from the knowledge and beliefs we already have, and the methods we already have for getting new knowledge and beliefs. In a phrase, we have to start from common sense. Of course, that doesn’t mean we have to end at common sense.

All common-sense knowledge may be common-sense belief, but not all common-sense belief is common-sense knowledge. For if a belief is false, it isn’t knowledge.

I’ll apply the phrase ‘common sense’ not only to common sense knowledge and common-sense belief in a society, but also to the usual ways of thinking which produce that knowledge and belief.

Any theory inconsistent with common-sense knowledge is false. For whatever is known is the case, so whatever it is inconsistent with is not the case.

What if we Starting from Common Sense are mistaking a false common-sense belief for common-sense knowledge?

The worry is that appeals to common sense are just a disguise for reliance on popular prejudice in judging philosophical theories.

Some philosophers regard common sense as pre-scientific.

If saving the appearances suffices for fitting the evidence, then ultimately, the only evidence you have to go on right now is how things appear to you right now.

Bothscience and philosophymust therefore develop strategies for responding to the danger that what we have treated as knowledge is in fact false.

In practice, therefore, we must allow a right of appeal against supposed evidence.

对于不同社会不同时代的人而言,共识总比分歧更多,甚至可以考察动物的行为以确认这一点。

3. Disputing

哲学争论的胜负并不像象棋的胜负一样明显,因为后者有明确的规则。但Perceptions can depend on prior theoretical commitments. Indeed, the exchange may itself have been partly or wholly on the legitimacy of moves in the lecture.

“讨论应该要有建设性,而不要搞破坏”这样的口号是错误的,因为坏的观点会和好的观点争夺注意力。

Sometimes each side regards the other’s theory as nonsense, rather than false. Thus one can’t expound the theories from a neutral standpoint, for expounding a theory presupposes that it makes sense. In such cases, it’s best to let each side speak for itself, which is in effect the dialogue form.

4. Clarifying Terms

If we have to decide what to mean by a word, one definition may be more useful than another, but not more true.

将哲学视为澄清概念的工作In that picture, philosophers put concepts into good working order, while others actually put them to work.

If we switch from describing how words are currently used to saying how it might be helpful to use them in the future, things are just as controversial, because people disagree about what the effects would be, and whether they would be improvements.

消除概念的歧义对于物理学家或历史学家来说只是他们工作的第一步,但却是哲学工作的主要部分,这是真的吗?

Where is the need for philosophers’clarifications supposed to come from, if all they do is clarify?

Fans of philosophy as conceptual clarification sometimes suggest that it gives us understanding rather than knowledge. But thatis a false dichotomy

A distinction is sometimes drawn between concepts and conceptions. A concept is more like a dictionary definition. The concept vixen just is the concept female fox (my dictionary also gives another definition for ‘vixen’, as ‘quarrelsome woman’, which would be another concept). By contrast, your conception of a vixen includes all the beliefs you would express using that word (in a given sense).

Conception是整体论的,concept是字典定义,通过区分这两者来解释交流何以可能。但这真的

As a model for philosophy, basic mathematics is far more helpful than the dictionary. What we need for clear reasoning are not trivial ‘truths by definition’ but a strong, explicitly articulated theory.

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