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The Tell-tale Brain读后感精选

The Tell-tale Brain读后感精选

《The Tell-tale Brain》是一本由V. S. Ramachandran著作,W. W. Norton & Co.出版的Hardcover图书,本书定价:GBP 17.99,页数:384,特精心收集的读后感,希望对大家能有帮助。

《The Tell-tale Brain》读后感(一):客观,严谨性十足,还不失阅读的趣味性,不错的一本好书

面对这样一本将近400页的书,假期只花了一天左右的时间,所以没有来得及全数读完,只是跳跃性地挑了一些自己感兴趣的章节作了一下快速阅读,用来决定该花多少精力以及该把什么样的时间投入在这本书上。

我阅读的章节包括

Introduction

Chapter 9 : An Ape With a Soul, How Introspection Evolved

Epilogue

总体的感觉呢,虽然作者在前言中就声明希望将这本书写成一本对读者背景几乎没有太多要求的科普型的读物,但是实际的阅读过程中,读者还是应该有一点点对阅读难度上的心理准备,特别是对没有心理学,神经科学的基础的同学,想要读这本书,恐怕是不能抱着读软科幻小说那样的态度来阅读的,否则,恐怕阅读完全书,最多能够记住一些扎眼的实验,结论,却很难把自己阅读的内容串起来,遑论形成实际的收获了。

从我这一天时间里泛泛而读的体验来看,这本书的品质还是很高的。很欣赏的是作者在写科普读物的时候仍能秉持那种严谨客观的态度,并不因为自己在神经科学,心理学领域卓著的成就和地位就摆出一幅训话的面孔,而是客观的把自己在学术探索过程中发现的现象,认识一一道来,其中哪些是基于客观实验和成熟理论的,哪些又是因为理论和实验条件的限制,只能作出猜测的(比如第九章里关于自我的那部分),都作了比较清楚的交代。这种严谨性,至少是我个人非常欣赏的。因为在这个信息泛滥的年代,辨别信息的真假对错的成本已然越来越高,而<>的作者在写作过程中,并没有试图强势地说服,而是更多采用一种摆事实,讲道理的方式来和读者进行探讨,这种写作方式,对于只想接

受结论,不愿意思考的读者来说,固然阅读负担重了一些,但是对于真正想在神经科学领域,心理学领域获得一些扎实,深刻的认知了解的同学,

就实在是太对胃口了。

另外由于作者在相关领域里的重量级地位,在引用理论,分析实验现象,推演结论的时候,都显得非常大手笔,即便是面对一些非常复杂,不易阐述的议题,比如关于自我意识的问题,他所给出的描述,阅读起来也还是感觉非常的清晰简练。这种举重若轻的功力,还是颇显大师风范的。

如果一定要说这本书有哪些缺点的话,从我的角度来看,作者在书中列举的实验现象固然很丰富,也作了比较细致的分析,形成了不少结论,但是因为实验的众多,反而让书里的主题略有些散,感觉内聚性不是太强,虽然他在书里给出了比较丰富的素材,我也相信以作者的功力,对于他想要描述的话题也是有着凝炼的认识,但是从我个人的阅读体验来说,想要对这本书形成比较凝炼的认识,最终将这本书里描述的知识信息融汇到自己的认知体系中,还是要作比较多的加工工作的(只是记录一些实验现象,描述一些结论,并不是问题,问题在于找出这些实验背后的主线,结论背后的思考动机),如果作者在写作的过程中能够更多站在普通读者的背景,对自己阐述的内容多一些整理和对背后动机的阐述,也许会有助于读

者更有效地在高层次把握这本书的深刻主旨。

这本书出版的日期相当新,现在应该还没有中译版,希望能早一些看到中译版的出现,这样可以让更多想要了解神经科学,心理学的同学多出一份不错的食材。

最后,感谢pongba同学的推荐,正是在他的douban推荐下自己才有机缘阅读了这本好书,获得了新的启发和成长。

《The Tell-tale Brain》读后感(二):神經科學界卷福說

“There is a widespread fear among scholars in the humanities and arts that science may someday take over their discipline and deprive them of employment, a syndrome I have dubbed ‘neuron envy.’”

这段摆明了是要搞事情的话摘自The Tell-Tale Brain: A Neuroscientist’s Quest For What Makes Us Human第271页。作者V. S. Ramachandran 是位顶尖的神经学家,现任UCSD大脑与认知研究中心主任。神经科学从二十世纪后半以来的迅速发展,在几十年间颠覆了许多领域对于大脑、人类自身认知的成见。如作者所作的比较,今天的神经科学就像十九世纪的化学所处的发展阶段,当务之急是发现、分类基本元素,对根本原理提出构想。置身如此年轻而充满可能性的学科前沿,见证和领导一个个让人惊叹的新发现,作者的骄傲不言而喻。

The Tell-Tale Brain: A Neuroscientist’s Quest For What Makes Us Human 在2010年出版,是V. S. Ramachandran回顾自己和整个学科的研究成果所结集的一本科普读物。除了神经学通常范围内的主题,作者还触及到语言、艺术、人的自我意识这些领域。他对这些传统上被独立划分(语言学、艺术史、哲学等)且有系统理论的学科提出批评,并以神经学的角度以及自然科学的标准(可验证性)对这些领域提出了自己的见解。

作者所列举的神经科学研究成果,对我这种的科学小白的确可谓大开眼界。例如幻肢(phantom limbs)、视觉系统、联觉(synesthesia),以及镜像神经元(mirror neuron)。这里以mirror neuron为例。大腦中mirror neuron的基本功能是让人在看到别人的动作和状态时,感同身受地在头脑里模拟同样的动作和状态。因为这种特别的机制,当我们看见别人拿起水杯,就能在头脑里(无意识地)模拟自己做同样的动作,从而想象她/他将要把水杯送到嘴边,推测她/他的动机——口渴。在一些特殊的例子里,由于大脑抑制机能失常,在意外中失去了肢体的人能在观看别人的肢体被触摸时感受到同样的触觉,尽管她/他的相应的身体部分已经不存在了。

Mirror neuron的正常运作使人能够在头脑中构建他人的立场,站在他人的角度思考问题、揣摩并理解别人的想法,因此也为同理心(empathy)奠定了生物基础。同样重要的,它还让我们可以跳出自身,站在他者的角度观察自己。这种反身思考的能力就是自我意识(self-consciousness)产生的起点。而更加推进一步,他认为mirror neuron为“交感抽象”("cross-modal abstraction”)提供了交汇点,因此产生了比喻这一人类独有的能力。尽管还没有充足的证据证实,作者相信mirror neuron的功能极有可能是天生的,并且在婴幼儿的早期智力、情感发展中起关键作用。作者提出,正是mirror nueron的发展,使人类的祖先在公元前500年至公元500年之间发生了跨越式的变化。自我意识的产生、模仿和学习能力的突飞猛进使人类跳出自然界进化的常态,创造文化、并自此以文化取代进化作为发展的最大动力。作者因此称之为 ”The Neurons That Shaped Civilization”。

神经科学的这些发现的确为传统的人文问题提出了新的挑战。但V. S. Ramachandran这本书具体聚焦艺术的部分讨论却并不如他以为的那么“让人文与艺术学界嫉妒”。尽管他宣称要阐述艺术与美学(Art & Aesthetics)的源头,但遗憾地一开篇就将所谓“真正的艺术”(经典的、美的、带来愉悦享受的)和媚俗的艺术(在作者的定义里似乎涵盖大部分当代艺术,特别是观念艺术)区分开。虽然他也深具反东方主义的态度,极力强调西方以外各个文明多样的艺术成就,并以他所熟悉的印度雕塑艺术为例反对西方以形似作为绝对标准的艺术传统;但匪夷所思地,他却很快抛出“美有几项普世的原则”这个论点,并转而讨论起这些原则。而他对于什么是所谓“真正的艺术”也并未给出明确的定义,只凭喜好作出了一些褒贬,例如印度艺术是伟大的,印象派也是,但对达达主义和毕加索却不屑一顾。(本着看热闹不嫌事大的八卦精神,我随便找了一些其他学者的响应,似乎对作者极力强调印度美学概念“rasa”也有批评,认为他并没有完全正确地诠释这个概念的文化意涵。)他所列举的“美学法则”包括:组合(grouping);峰值转移(peak shift);对比(contrast);孤立(isolation);解题倾向(peekaboo, or perceptual problem solving);反巧合(abhorrence of coincidences);秩序(orderliness);对称(symmetry)和象征(metaphor)。这些“法则”绝大部分都会落入艺术史“形式主义”的研究中去,恐怕也难以像他预期的那样把艺术领域的学者的头脑全部吹走。

找V. S. Ramachandran的书来看,是因为最近在Couresa上了一门心理学入门。课程后的推荐视频就有他讲phantom limbs的视频。YouTube那个视频下面,有人评论:”The guy is a genius!” 看完这本书我也同意这点。除了面对人文学科太过自大、偶尔嘴炮一点外,还是不得不赞叹他的成就以及神经科学所打开的认识人之为人的广阔天地。

《The Tell-tale Brain》读后感(三):Chapter summaries for my own reference

Chapter 1 discusses a mental disposition called a “phantom limb.” After someone has lost an arm or leg, they are still able to feel pain that should be occurring on that missing limb. Ramachandran illustrates how the human brain is very adaptable. By using a mirror box, the patient can visually “see” the missing limb and change their perception that the limb is in pain.

Chapter 2 summarized deals with perception and vision and helps define how the brain differs between the two. Ramachandran offers an explanation using “Old and New Pathways” to illustrate the brain’s ability to adapt.

Synesthesia and the mixing of sensation and perception are the main focus of chapter 3. By looking at the anatomical differences and offering possible causes to the conditions, Ramachandran proposes the Cross Wiring Hypothesis and Cross Activation Hypothesis. Additionally, chapter 3 proposes an instance for some patients that the number scale most have come to understand can seem distorted and unorganized for others.

Chapter 4 includes an explanation to the importance of mirror neurons. If one human watches another person perform a task, the same areas of the brain turn on for both the person performing the task and the spectator. This relationship offers evidence for the progression of human nature and human behavior.

Chapter 5 discusses the two main categories of autism. The first category is sensorimotor and the other is social-cognitive. In social-cognitive it appears that the patient has a diminished ability to form relationships possibly related to diminished mirror neuron function.

Chapter 6 has a strong connection to psychology. Ramachandran explains two primary sources of language: Broca and Wernicke’s Areas. Broca’s Area is responsible for speech production whereas, Wernicke’s Area is responsible for language comprehension. As we grow older, our ability to learn new languages decreases.

Chapter 7, Ramachandran introduces the idea of aesthetics, and how the human brain responds to aesthetics. In turn, how aesthetics make us special, and how we respond and create art. Ramachandran claims that there is a universal principle of aesthetics. He clearly illustrates this claim with an example of how male birds of paradise are “beautiful” to the human mind-yet evolved to be beautiful for the female birds of paradise. Ramachandran lists 9 categories that the universal law of aesthetics can be classified under: grouping, peak shift, constrat, isolation, perceptual problem solving, abhorrence of coincidences, orderliness, symmetry, and metaphor. The author describes in detail the law of grouping, which gives us satisfaction when we group objects and make a conclusion about their relationship. This stemmed from the need to spot predators in camouflage. Ramachandran describes the law of peak shift as the brain’s tendency towards recognizing exaggeration.

Chapter 8 continues the discussion of the remaining universal laws of aesthetics. He discusses each of the remaining laws in detail and their neurology, providing convincing arguments and examples for each. Contrast is the concept of an object standing out, which evolved from the need to spot particular objects instantly in order to survive. Isolation is the emphasis on one single stimulus, versus the focus of many stimuli. Perceptual problem solving incorporates utilizing the brain’s problem solving skills, and using the imagination to fill in the vagueness of an image. Abhorrence of coincidences is the concept of finding the relationship between object placements. This explains that the brain likes to find coincidences between those placements. This ties in nicely to the concept of orderliness. The brain wants to find order and predictability between objects. Symmetry is an aesthetic to the brain because it mimics the vast amount of symmetry in biology. Metaphor is also an aesthetic because it allows for the brain to seek hidden meaning, and connections between objects-much like many of the other principles exemplify.

Chapter 9 focuses on the self. The final chapter begins with the discussion of consciousness. The idea of consciousness is broken down into two attributes: the quale, which is the immediate response to a sensory input, and the actual self that experiences the qualia. The idea of the self is then broken down into unity, continuity, embodiment, privacy, social embedding, free will, and self-awareness. Ramachandran uses many medical and clinical examples to frame the ideas of the self. His final remarks of this chapter explain that to be human is to be a species that wants to understand its own origins and figure out who is doing the understanding.

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